Problematic substance use (Substance Abuse)

• Short term pleasure is a more powerful reinforcer than mid or long term consequences.
• Substance use continues even after it has caused significant social, occupational, legal, psychological and physical problems.
• Any substance or experience that produces activation of midbrain dopamine circuitry, producing rapid euphoria, may become problematic

Addiction (Dependence)

• 1 in 7 who have ever tried alcohol become dependent
• 1 in 3 for nicotine
• 1 in 4 for heroin
• 1 in 5 for cocaine
• 1 in 10 for cannabis

J.C. Anthony, L.A. Warner, R.C. Kessler, from journal article


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